The flow of energy through the biosphere is unidirectional: sunlight energy is incorporated into ecosystems through photosynthesis, and is lost through respiration. The elements essential for life are transferred from the environment. But the substances from which living organisms, are made consist of chemical elements , which are both constant in from (i.e., they cannot be degraded into unusable form) and finite (i.e., they are not continuously supplied from an external source). Therefore, the flow of these elements through the ecosystems must be cyclical. Moreover, the fluxes of synthesized and decomposed (oxidized) organic matter must be strictly balanced. These cycles are termed biogeochemical cycles because their flow patterns involve both living organisms and non-living environment.
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1.A laser is a machine for making and concentrating light waves into a very intense beam. The letters LASER stand for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The light made by a laser is much more intense than ordinary light. With ordinary light, all the light waves are different lengths. With lasers, all the light waves have the same length, and this increases the intensity.
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Huge jump in development of a science and technics are robots. These are the cars created by the person with an artificial intellect. Creation of robots has arisen in Japan in the middle of the XX-th century, and roughly develops to this day. In this country the robot first the world, by the form reminding the person, with the built in artificial intellect has been created.

In 90th years Japan has fixed itself, as the leading country on robotics manufacture. Mechanical assistants, have been created for the most different purposes, but the primary goal of the Japanese inventors, creation of the daily assistant for the person is. The Japanese developers plan to make so that by 2014 in each Japanese family there would be a robot.
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